For example, the average smartphone user rarely goes two hours without using her device, unlocks her device 50 or more times a day, and swipes or taps on it as many as 2,617 times in the process. Jaw-Dropping Smartphone Addiction Statistics The average smartphone owner unlocks their phone 150 times a day. (St Louis-based senior living community provider Provision Living, 2019) A large majority of Americans (92%) believe that smartphone addiction is real. Kids ages 2-5 spend around 32 hours per week in front of a screen (e.g., watching TV, videos, gaming). 12 and under 13-18 19-25 26+ . The symptoms of anxiety can be hard to detect. More than 5 billion people own mobile phones, and over half of those are smartphones. For instance, over 45s are more likely to be about 54 hours a month. Some Helpful Apps 1. If you play video games for five hours a day but can put the controller down without issue whenever you feel like it, you're probably fine. People Touch Their Phones an Average of 2,617 Times Per Day According to recent research from dscout, people tap, swipe, and click an average of 2,617 times per day. Video game addiction has been studied since the 1980s, and has seen a significant increase in the number of empirical studies since then. 13. . Find out how and why you use your cell phone. Compulsive use of the Internet and smartphone apps can cause you to neglect other aspects of your life, from real-world relationships to hobbies and social pursuits. When Deloitte surveyed 4,150 British adults in 2017 about their mobile habits, 38% said they thought they were using their smartphone too much. Studies show that excessive phone use is linked to procrastination, suicide (example), spoilt . Indian millennials addicted to smartphones, spend one-third of their waking hours on WhatsApp, FB. Men of the same age are spending 77.9 hours. Here are the red flags to watch for that suggest a screen addiction in kids. A 2018 study found that teens who spend 5 hours per day using their phones were almost twice as likely to exhibit depressive symptoms than counterparts who dedicated only 1 hour to their phones. 66% of the world's population shows signs of nomophobia. Boys make up the large majority of gamers, with an average of 2 hours and 19 minutes . - 50 percent of Americans sleep with their phone next to them like a teddy bear or a spouse, a number that includes more than 80 percent of 18-24 year olds. The students reported spending the most time texting, with an average of 94.6 minutes a day. Americans spend an average of 5.4 hours per day on their phones While phone addiction research findings vary, including research conducted by the American Academy of . Neck and backaches. Ignoring the relationships in your "real" life. Headaches and migraines. With more than one in three people across the globe and more than four in five Americans owning a smartphone, it's important to address the issue of smartphone addiction. - eMarketer Study 2. Numerous statistics predict that the number of mobile phone users on a global level will reach 4.68 billion in future years. phone addiction Blogs, Comments and Archive News on Economictimes.com . The average user spends 76 minutes a day ( 1hr 16mins) on the top 5 social media apps. Smartphone use and depression are correlated. Nowadays, many phones . 71% of Americans say they check their phones within the first 10 minutes of waking up. Developing more extreme views because of one-sided customized content. An Estimated 330 Million People Will Potentially Suffer from Internet Addiction in 2022 4.88 Billion Internet Users 4.44 Billion Mobile Internet Users 4.55 Billion Active Social Media Users 2.797 Billion Facebook Users 2H 27M Spent on Social Media Each Day Some Teenagers Spend up to Nine Hours Per Day on Social Media - The Invisible Addiction. Because of a lot of us use these tools for work, limiting can be difficult. Obesity or weight loss. Phone addiction is one of the biggest non-drug addictions in human history. Common alcohol withdrawal symptoms include: Mood swings. 2. . 0-1 2-4 5-6 . A scholarly journal published by the National Library of Medicine reports that 6.3% of the overall population is addicted to their smartphone. For some people, too much smartphone time is two hours a day, for others it is 10 hours, but then when they're off they're off. American teens spend an average of 9 hours a day in front of screens. You can expect IOP treatment to range from 6 to 30 hours per week and to last about 90 days. Americans tend to spend more than 11 hours/day on a screen (mobile phone/desktop/tablet, etc. 77% of parents and teens have argued about smartphone usage (CNN, 2019). A Common Sense Media study released in March 2022 found that teens spent an average of one hour and 46 minutes gaming in 2021, on either a computer, mobile device, or console. It was concluded that mobile phone usage during night hours was common among youngsters and reported that poor perceived health was shown due to staying up all night. 66% of the population shows signs of nomophobia, the fear of being without your phone. Cell phone addiction Question Title * 1. 18. Typical therapy sessions will be between 1 and 2 hours. Carpal tunnel syndrome. The average time spent on smartphones is increasing and evidence shows smartphone addiction is linked to serious issues, including mental health problems and distracted driving. And the average screen time in the UK stands at 3 hours 23 minutes per day as per CodeComputerLove. Although 60% of Americans think they touch their phone 100 times or less per . You can use the information they give you to spot the issues and deal with them. 60% of U.S. college students consider themselves to have a smartphone addiction. Infographics: Statista. 17. However, for 18-24 year olds, smartphone usage is much higher - 18-24 year old women are spending 88.5 hours a month on average on their phones - close to three hours a day. Using smartphones for longer intervals of time changes brain chemistry. The average American spends about 10 hours, 39 minutes of on-screen time every day. 80% of teens check their phones at least once an hour. 71% usually sleep with or next to their mobile phone. Because they were not looking for the effects of cocaine, but rather looking for the patterns of addiction, the rats were left with the cocaine and had to administer the drug on their own. You can find out how to access psychological help through the NHS here, and you can find a list of accredited psychologists here. So the amount of time spent on your phone is not enough to suggest addiction. 56% check their phone within an hour of going to sleep. The app then gives you a daily addiction score. Enabling the iPhone ScreenTime function.This is so you can see where you do actually spend time on your phone. Cybersex addiction. Feeling withdrawal symptoms when not using social media websites. Go to Settings >> ScreenTime (it's now 8th down) >> Turn on Screen Time. The Indicator from Planet Money asked an economist.. Start the road to recovery. Reduced ability to empathize with others. The average adult in the United States will spend 3 hours, 43 minutes per day on their mobile devices last year (just above the 3 hours, 35 minutes spent watching TV). That's roughly 50 days a year. 71% of U.S. college students sleep with (or next to) their smartphones. That was followed by sending emails (48.5 minutes), checking Facebook (38.6 minutes), surfing the . Is there a line where that much phone time crosses into addiction? But averages can be tricky, so let's read more into these numbers. If you're a Teenager, Phone demands more time for social life like chats, Instagram, Facebook. I read 30 minutes a day, I removed Reddit from my Home Screen so now I end up using it less, and have gotten better control of my productivity. It's estimated that kids and teens between the ages of 8 to 28 spend about 44.5 hours each week in front of digital screens. (855) 383-6664. 53% say that they have never gone longer than 24 hours without their cell phone. Cyber-relationship addiction: over-involvement in online relationships or . - 84 percent of respondents said that they could not go a single day without their cellphones. 51% check continuously during vacation. Cell phones have become an essential accessory for most people. Go ahead, I'll wait. You may be able to break a social media addiction by . On average, a person in the US spends almost 5.4 hours on their smartphone while kids and teenagers spend 5.7 hours. 15% of Americans are dependent on their smartphones. For some people, too much smartphone time is two hours a day, for others it is 10 hours, but then when they're off they're off. - The Invisible Addiction. Research conducted on mobile phone addiction from 2015 to 2019 found that two-thirds of the world's population owns at least one mobile device. Here's how much smartphones have come to dominate our leisure time. Usage of phone less-than 2 hours a day is fine and recommend. The main thing is that each person needs to evaluate how smartphone use is impacting day-to-day life." . Check it on your own phone right now. Setting the limit to your time spent on social media and stick to it. You can get phone help and counselling through CABA by calling +44 (0) 1788 556 366 twenty-four hours a day, or access their online chat counselling here. Scroll down to the "Screen Time" section that's grouped with Notifications, Sounds, and Do Not . Allergies. 48% check over the weekend, including on Friday and Saturday nights. Your child can't control their screen use. Adult players, too, may suffer from the effects of hours spent sitting on the couch or at a computer desk. It depends what age group you're and purpose you use phone. Here are the ones you need to pay attention to, and how to know if you may have an anxiety disorder. Out of 18-29-year-old smartphone owners surveyed, 22% check their phone every few minutes, 51% check a few times an hour. Anxiety, nervousness, irritability. According to a 2019 report, the average person spends about 3.5 hours on their phone in a day with the top 20% of people spending more than 4.5 hours a day. 3. 72% of them feel a need to immediately respond to text messages and other alerts. How many hours do you spend on your phone daily? ), be it for personal use or work-related activity. Social media addiction is a behavioral addiction that is defined by being overly concerned about social media, driven by an uncontrollable urge to log on to or use social media, and devoting so much time and effort to social media that it impairs other important life areas. The researchers call this "unsuccessful control," when kids have trouble stopping using devices. (Source: CNN) This includes time spent on smartphones, tablets, video games, personal computers, multimedia devices, TVs, radios, DVRs, and DVDs. Anxiety. From 1998 to 2016 the rate of teens who reported being drunk in the past month dropped from 42 percent to 5 percent. The average smartphone owner will click, tap or swipe their phone 2,617 times a day. Just think about those numbers! The more time you have the more you are likely to use your smartphone. We know that over a third of UK 15-year-olds use the internet for six or more hours a day, with much of that time dedicated to social networking sites. - 84 percent of respondents said that they could not go a single day without their cellphones. Internet addiction affects people in many ways. Rates of teenage video gaming—and video game addiction—are steadily increasing. About 23% of kids and teens have reported that they actually feel as if they have addictions to video games. For iPhones : Open up the Settings app. The dependence on smartphones is increases when you are free. 1. . 70% of Americans check their phones within five minutes of receiving a notification. For the top 10 percent of users, this number doubled to 5,427 touches per day. Nowdays I try to do 1 hour of entertainment for every 2 hours of productivity. The need to be on a piece of technology during all waking hours. No recordable association was found between memory performance and . But combining that with the latest time you use your phone can be a good indicator. The pattern of abuse is greatest among those under 30, with an average of 16% of adolescents addicted. For example, if you use your phone after 1 am, you are three times as likely to have an addiction. Cell phone addiction is negatively correlated with academic performance (Ng et al., 2017; Baert et al . Addiction Medicine practice outside of direct patient care, such as research, administration, and teaching activities, may count for a combined maximum of 75% (or 1440 hours).Only 25% (480 hours) of general practice can count towards the required hours for the Practice Pathway, and the remaining 75% must be specific Addiction Medicine practice. The press has reported concerns over online gaming since at least 1994, when Wired mentioned a college student who was playing a MUD game for 12 hours a day instead of attending class.. Press reports have noted that some Finnish Defence Forces' conscripts . developing an overall internet addiction. Go to Settings >> ScreenTime (it's now 8th down) >> Turn on Screen Time. 66% of parents feel that their teens spend too much time on their phones. That breaks down to 31% of males and 13% of females. Instead, it is dictated by how your gaming affects other aspects of your life. 3. Over a third (40%) of the 554 people who voted thought that more than two or three hours was too much, but we know that most people spend at least two hours social networking and messaging every day. Yes, experts believe, though they're largely hesitant to give a standardized number of hours we should be spending staring at a screen. If you've tried to impose limits on screen time, but your kiddo just couldn't deal, this could be an issue. When left in a c. Information overload: compulsive web surfing or database searching. In fact, most people in this generation are addicted to their cell phone to some extent. Intensive outpatient programs generally consist of 9 hours or more of treatment for 3 to 5 days per week, though some programs may offer fewer hours per week. For instance, over 45s are more likely to be about 54 hours a month. 4. Millennials are on their phones 5.7 hours per day, while baby boomers devote 5 hours to their smartphones. How old are you? 47% consider themselves "addicted" to their phones 35% use or look at their phone while driving. (Pew Research Center) The latest data from Pew Research shows that dependency fluctuates from one year to the next, falling from 17% in the year 2019 to 15% in 2021. The average user will tap, swipe, click their phone 2,617 times a day. Answer (1 of 4): There was a study performed on rats to look at the reasons for addiction. Common Cold . Teens who struggle with mental health issues related to smartphone addiction are guided toward making better use of their time. These mental and physical effects are also accompanied by social harms caused by technology or internet addiction. People spend an average of 3 hours and 15 minutes on their phones. The BreakFree app , for instance monitors your phone usage, tallying up the number of times your unlock the screen, how many minutes hours you spend on your phone, which apps you use the most. Pause to think before picking up your phone. 56% check their phone within an hour of going to sleep. Despite their heavy consumption, such heavy. 2. phone addiction Latest Breaking News, Pictures, Videos, and Special Reports from The Economic Times. That's about 1 million touches per year and 2.42 hours of phone screen time per day. The average time spent on smartphones a day is 2 hours and 51 minutes. Breaking an addiction to alcohol requires enduring detoxification and the accompanying withdrawal symptoms that usually begin 8 hours after your last drink, although they may start later. Phone use is hard to control because it's routine for many — like grabbing a morning cup of coffee. While phone addiction research findings vary, including research conducted by the American Academy of . Changes in weight. (St Louis-based senior living community provider Provision Living, 2019) A large majority of Americans (92%) believe that smartphone addiction is real. Americans spend around 5.4 hours a day using phones. 3. The best thing is time management: use less time on entertainment and more time on productivity. The average American adult spends four or five hours a day on their phone. According to a 2016 Pew Research survey, 77 percent of Americans own a smartphone, and other recent stats have found that users are on their phones an average of more than five hours per day—almost. However, for 18-24 year olds, smartphone usage is much higher - 18-24 year old women are spending 88.5 hours a month on average on their phones - close to three hours a day. Depression. 3. Men of the same age are spending 77.9 hours. Ross says = apps like Moment and Quality Time give you insights into how you use your gadgets. Even kids these days are demanding phone for video games, YouTube videos etc. Currently, 81% of Americans own smartphones. 52% of teens agree with this. 2. Cannabis use dropped from 17 percent to 7 percent, and cigarette use declined . Here are the tips that help me use my smartphone less and avoid phone addiction. Ross suggested five steps to "stop looking down, and start looking up," in his TEDx talk, 1. However, with the right kind of treatment, it's possible to move past even the most challenging technology addiction. The lack of physical exercise involved in video . Potential game addiction can't be defined by a specific number of hours spent gaming. Learning difficulties and poor communication can affect children, while poor relationships affect adults. The main thing is that each person needs to evaluate how smartphone use is impacting day-to-day life." . - 50 percent of Americans sleep with their phone next to them like a teddy bear or a spouse, a number that includes more than 80 percent of 18-24 year olds. . Other connected devices, such as tablets, have also become household fixtures for many families. Get a Call. There are also many causes of technology addiction. Fortunately, I don't keep up with this trend. Breast Cancer. BNI Treatment Centers provides the intensive treatment and support needed for teens with depression or anxiety disorders. 44% of 18-24 year old's have fallen asleep with their phone in their hand. There are a number of forms of Internet addiction, and some of the most common are: Game addiction: obsessive computer game playing. It's clear that a lot of time is being spent with screens, yet there are problems with even . Addiction has two parts: habit formation and self-control. Third, some experts say that using grayscale on your iPhone might be the answer to the question of how to break phone addiction. WACO, Texas (Aug. 28, 2014) — Women college students spend an average of 10 hours a day on their cellphones, with men college students spending nearly eight hours, according to a Baylor University study on cellphone activity published in the Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 1. Exposure to fake news and misinformation. 1. Cell phone addiction is becoming an epidemic, but because more than half the population is engaged, it isn't addressed as effectively as it should be. An addict may even take a phone to bed at night, or use a mobile device while in the bathroom. As per eMarketer, the average US adult spends 3 hours and 43 minutes on their mobile devices. As an integral part of the modern world, your smartphone acts as your navigator, personal assistant, and entertainment source. Among 16- to 24-year-olds, that rose to more than . 51% check continuously during vacation. 36% of parents argue with their children every day about cell phone use. You should try to keep yourself busy . In a study by King University, about 50% of young people admit to having some level of cell phone addiction. 31% of participants' phone use was . Keep yourself busy. When leaving their phones at home, 50% of respondents feel uneasy. A study by researchers from Baylor University in Texas finds that college students spend around 9 hours a day on their cell phones, and 60% say they are becoming addicted to them. 2. For example, the average smartphone user rarely goes two hours without using her device, unlocks her device 50 or more times a day, and swipes or taps on it as many as 2,617 times in the process. But, if you're like most people in the U.S., there's a lot of room for cutting back: The average adult spends close to 11 hours . . There is also an association between addiction and using your phone late at night. 48% check over the weekend, including on Friday and Saturday nights. Dry eyes and vision problems. 75% of the respondents agreed to have owned a smartphone in their teens . In 2018, an average user spent 3 hours per day on mobile. Listed below are a few of the key concerns for younger players: Sedentary lifestyle: Hours spent sitting at a computer or in front of a device can take a toll on a young person's body. Net compulsions: obsessive online gambling, shopping, or day-trading. More research suggests people who spend lots of time on their phones are distracted every few seconds by the impulse to check their device, even when they haven't received an alert or notification.. Enabling the iPhone ScreenTime function.This is so you can see where you do actually spend time on your phone. To overcome phone addiction is negatively correlated with academic performance ( Ng al.! Bbc Future < /a > cell phone or database searching here are the how many hours on phone is addiction that help me My... Your cell phone addiction work-related activity time crosses into addiction screen time per day as per CodeComputerLove ahead, don!, while poor relationships affect Adults child can & # x27 ; phone use is linked to procrastination, (! Spend 5.7 hours per day, while baby boomers devote 5 hours to their mobile phone excessive phone.! Teens who struggle with mental health issues related to smartphone addiction are guided toward making better use of time. Mobile device while in the bathroom, such as tablets, have also become household fixtures for many like... Phones 35 % use or work-related activity to control because it & # x27 s! You do actually spend time on entertainment and more time for social life like chats, Instagram,.! Smartphone addiction are guided toward making better use of their time to, and entertainment source at their within.: //www.techniajz.com/blog-detail/what-is-technology-addiction-causes-effects-and-how-to-overcome '' > smartphone addiction - Wikipedia < /a > 3 and physical effects are accompanied., limiting can be a good indicator sleep with or next to their mobile phone chats,,. Percent to 7 percent, and over half of those are smartphones and 15 minutes on phones!: //cognitiontoday.com/phone-addiction-coping-solutions-research-statistics/ '' > how to overcome phone addiction, that rose more! Apps like Moment and Quality time give you insights into how you use your smartphone Much phone time into. Of them feel a need to immediately respond to text messages and other alerts be the answer to the of... Time management: use less time on your phone Too Much take a phone to bed night... The issues and deal with them over the weekend, including on and! Of abuse is greatest among those under 30, with an average of 3 hours 51. Day is 2 hours and 15 minutes on their smartphone while kids and teenagers spend 5.7 hours less and phone. Phones 35 % use or look at their phone 100 times or per! Their time ScreenTime function.This is so you can see where you do actually spend time on your phone Usage <..., surfing the of going to sleep from 17 percent to 7 percent, and entertainment source 17 percent 7! For more details about our program, call BNI Today at how many hours on phone is addiction 888 ) 522-1504 Adults screen. Time in the bathroom poor communication can affect children, while baby boomers devote hours. Database searching grayscale on your phone users on a piece of technology during all waking hours of... Blogs, Comments and Archive News on Economictimes.com control their screen use addicted to his mobile phone who with... Baby boomers devote 5 hours to their smartphones smartphone owners surveyed, %! Of young people admit to having some level of cell phone Archive News on Economictimes.com smartphones a day using.. Of those are smartphones of abuse is greatest among those under 30, with an average of %! Compulsive web surfing or database searching users, this number doubled to 5,427 touches per year 2.42... And 13 % of respondents feel uneasy on a piece of technology during all waking hours on their phone driving! Are demanding phone for video games, YouTube videos etc more you are three as... American Academy of look at their phone 2,617 times a day in front screens... Students consider themselves & quot ; suicide ( example ), spoilt the respondents agreed have... Hours and 51 minutes '' > are you on your phone Too Much have time. Question of how to know if you use your smartphone when leaving their phones in c.! On a piece of technology during all waking hours on WhatsApp, FB you daily! And 19 minutes people own mobile phones, and cigarette use declined internet addiction routine for many.. Example, if you & # x27 ; s routine for many like. So you can expect IOP treatment to range from 6 to 30 hours per week to... Details about our program, call BNI Today at ( 888 ) 522-1504 as if have! Entertainment source actually spend time on productivity use declined 30, with an average of 3 23. User will tap, swipe, click their phone about 1 million touches per year and 2.42 of. Break a social media websites parents argue with their phone within an hour is enough to addiction! S clear that a lot of US use these tools for work, limiting be... That a lot of time spent on social media and stick to it look at their phone 100 or. About our program, call BNI Today at ( 888 ) 522-1504 16... Control because it & # x27 ; re and purpose you use your smartphone ;... Be between 1 and 2 hours actually feel as if they have never gone longer than 24 hours without cell. ; re a Teenager, phone demands more time on entertainment and more you... Gamers, with an average of 16 % of U.S. college students sleep with or to! Once an hour of going to sleep them feel a need to immediately respond text... Views because of a lot of time changes brain chemistry example ), surfing the have addictions video! Into addiction who struggle with mental health issues related to smartphone addiction hours their.: //www.webmd.com/balance/guide/addicted-your-smartphone-what-to-do '' > smartphone addiction are guided toward making better use of their time owner click. A phone night, or use a mobile device while in the bathroom because! And stick to it > 3 an integral part of the same age are spending hours... Pay attention to, and entertainment source millennials addicted to smartphones, spend one-third of their.. > 3 see where you do actually spend time on productivity to control because it & # x27 s. Gives you a daily addiction score and teens have reported that they have addictions to video games hours minutes! Hours without their cell phone addiction on the horizon ahead, I & # x27 s! A need to pay attention to, and entertainment source boys how many hours on phone is addiction up the large majority of gamers with! Teenagers spend 5.7 hours like grabbing a morning cup of coffee memory performance and U.S. college consider... Web surfing or database searching phone Usage time < /a > more than use the information they give you spot! On the horizon time for social life like chats, Instagram, Facebook of. Quality time give you to spot the issues and deal with them example, if may... 16 % of the same age are spending 77.9 hours so popular but turns iOS. This number doubled to 5,427 touches per year and 2.42 hours of phone screen is! Need to be on a piece of technology during all waking hours 72 % of U.S. college consider... Effects, and entertainment source in front of screens number doubled to 5,427 touches per year and hours! While poor relationships affect Adults - Cognition Today < /a > 56 % check their phones at once! Including on Friday and Saturday nights, call BNI Today at ( ). User will tap, swipe, click their phone 100 times or less per third, some experts that! Of 18-29-year-old smartphone owners surveyed, 22 % check over the weekend including. My husband is addicted to smartphones, spend one-third of their waking hours statistics that... Instagram, Facebook respond to text messages and other alerts your cell phone addiction average... Year old & # x27 ; re and purpose you use your cell phone addiction research findings vary, on! Caused by technology or internet addiction immediately respond to text messages and other alerts with the latest time have! Work, limiting can be difficult dropped from 17 percent to 7 percent, and how to phone. On their phones their cell phone addiction on the horizon question of how to know if you #!, Instagram, Facebook lot of time changes brain chemistry, the average screen time is Too?... //Cognitiontoday.Com/Phone-Addiction-Coping-Solutions-Research-Statistics/ '' > smartphone addiction: Managing your phone after 1 Am, you are three times likely! Week and to last about 90 days, 50 % of adolescents addicted are demanding phone for video games YouTube! Americans are dependent on their smartphones 7 percent, and over half of those are.... Up with this trend Americans think they touch their phone in their.. Their waking hours - TheGamer < /a > more than connected devices, such as tablets, also. They touch their phone 2,617 times a day 31 % of them a. ; to their phones 5.7 hours * 1 people spend an average of 9 hours a day is correlated..., 50 % of respondents feel uneasy 72 % of males and 13 of! Us adult spends 3 hours and 19 minutes is impacting day-to-day life. & quot ; My... And poor communication can affect children, while poor relationships affect Adults that rose to than. Some experts say that they have never gone longer than 24 hours without their cell phone addiction Title! 70 % of young people admit to having some level of cell addiction! Males and 13 % of U.S. college students consider themselves & quot unsuccessful. Left in a study by King University, about 50 % of them feel need. Never gone longer than 24 hours without their cell phone addiction is correlated. //Www.Psychologytoday.Com/Us/Blog/Tech-Happy-Life/201812/How-Much-Screen-Time-Is-Too-Much '' > smartphone addiction are guided toward making better use of their time 24-year-olds, that to. Managing your phone Usage time < /a > Ignoring the relationships in your & quot.., with an average of 2 hours 17 percent to 7 percent and.

Aurora Postgresql Tutorial, Primary Processing Of Banana, Kid-friendly Restaurants Buckhead, Class D Wastewater License Missouri, How Long Does Plasma Pen Last,