The prenuptial agreement (marriage contract) sets out the matrimonial property regime. By the present share investment, purchase, and sale agreement and other covenants, entered into in the City of Nova Lima, State of Minas Gerais, on January 11, 2018 (the "Agreement"), the parties introduced below: I. NICOLAU CARVALHO ESTEVES, Brazilian, married under the universal community of property regime with . Women, Business and the Law measures legal differences between men's and women's access to economic opportunities in 190 economies. End of Document Also Found In Financial remedies divorce and dissolution of civil partnership Nuptial agreements and relationship planning In the modified or partial community of property regime, property and money obtained during the marriage are considered joint property, even if registered under only one spouse's name. Ecuador is characterized by the partial community property regime in marriage while inheritance laws provide for all children, irrespective of sex, to be treated equally, norms that are largely followed in practice. The study explores gender differences in homeownership and housing wealth. Although, as in the colonial period, partial community property remained the default, after 1870 couples could also choose to marry under the separation-of-property regime. Methodology. Matrimonial regimes, or marital property systems, are systems of property ownership between spouses providing for the creation or absence of a marital estate and if created, what properties are included in that estate, how and by whom it is managed, and how it will be divided and inherited at the end of the marriage. Legislation should make modified or partial community of property the default legal regime with regard to marital property. UNSD presented global data on inheritance laws and asked countries to consider the following questions: a. Adriana and Bruno have been married for some years under the partial community property regime. 215 and 217 CC). In contrast, Ghana and India are characterized by the separation of property regime which does not recognize wives' contribution . Marital Property Systems: Legislation should provide for a modified or partial community of property system in marriage to best protect women and widows. (b) VANDERLEI ARCANJO CARNIELO CALEJON, Brazilian, married under the partial community property regime, businessman, holder of Identity Card RG No. The joint property regime may also be modified by a decision of . In the nineteenth century, Mexico was the first country to offer couples a formal choice with respect to the marital regime governing marriage. › Partial: all property acquired before marriage remains personal property of each spouse. As the two have been working since single times, they are used to file separate . That includes: • Assets; and/or • Income; and/or The basic idea is simply to register existing informal property rights as perceived by the actors and the local society in which they live—not to change ownership of a given asset, between or within households. The division of community property, due to death or divorce, varies in each state. Because titled 88 of 1984): - Section 11 repealed the common law rule by which a husband obtained the marital power over the person and property of his wife - Spouses can choose the matrimonial regime they prefer: community of property; separation of property; partial community; or "accrual" system. (See: Section on Discrimination against Women in Inheritance). In a community property state, marital property becomes community property, which is jointly owned by both spouses. Parties may deviate from this . 73 economies have partial community of property marital regimes. Finally, the partial community property regime implies that all property acquired before the marriage remains an individual's property even after divorce. Régimes matrimoniaux La législation doit prévoir un régime matrimonial de communauté de biens modifiée ou partielle en vue d . Ex. Louisiana divides marital assets under community property law, which means that property and assets acquired during a marriage are jointly owned by both spouses, regardless of who purchased it or whose name is on the title.In most cases, community property will be divided 50/50 between the spouses. El régimen de bienes gananciales también puede ser modificado por una decisión del Tribunal (previa petición de uno de los cónyuges). Last Update: 2010-01-25 Usage Frequency: 1 Quality: Portuguese. If in the marriage settlement the future spouses agreed on the system of complete separation of property, this cannot later on be converted during the marriage into the conjugal partnership of gains. Q16: The law recognizes full or partial community of property as the default marital property regime N/A: The indicator does not apply to the country 0: Absence of the indicator in the legal and policy framework 0.5: A draft national policy . Colonial Brazil, in contrast, was governed by full community property, where community property consists not only . Which type of law regarding property ownership within marriage exists in your a World Bank database of legal information on women's access to and use of property by country, including the marital property regime, the joint titling regime and any . Other factors may be taken into account by the judge when determining the fair division of certain . On November 18, 2019, the Brazilian Court rendered a partial judgment declaring that Degens and Weil had "cohabited in a stable union" from September 2012 to September 3, 2018, "under the partial community property regime." (Riback Decl. Ecuador is characterized by the partial community property regime in marriage while inheritance laws provide for all children, irrespective of sex, to be treated equally, norms that are largely. These legal regimes in effect recognise women's investments and contributions to household production by providing . The Matrimonial Property Act of 1984 (Act No. [XXXXX], with a business address in the City of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, at Rua Pequetita, n° 215, 7° andar, Parte, Vila Olímpia - CEP 04552-060 (Vanderlei); Last Update . Under a partial community property regime, properties acquired during marriage by either spouse is treated as jointly owned by both spouses. 40 of the parties' matrimonial property regime (whether matrimonial property is held in or out of community of property, or whether a partial community of property regime applies); the law governing the joint or separate estates of the spouses; the law governing ante-nuptial and postnuptial contracts; the effect on the matrimonial property on divorce or death; and any other issue strictly . The property acquired after marriage - with the exception of gifts and inheritance - is regarded as joint property of the couple. For example, the marital prop-erty regime determines whether property is titled in the name of both spouses as the default option. Hungary Going to court Hungary eliminated small claims courts and procedures; ordinary procedures now apply in the lowest courts. Property brought into marriage or inherited afterward is, however, individual property . comunhão parcial de bens. Ecuador is characterized by the partial community property regime in marriage while inheritance laws provide for all children, irrespective of sex, to be treated equally, norms that are largely followed in practice. During the marital property rules, the amount the surviving spouse receives is determined by whether the marriage between the surviving spouse and decedent was under full community property rules, if they were married under separate property regime, or if they were married under partial community property regime with no private property left . Kenya enacted a new law on marital property, making partial community of property the default regime and granting spouses equal rights in the administration of joint property. PARTIAL ASSET CONTRIBUTION AGREEMENT SUBJECT TO THE "SPIN-OFF" REGIME ("régime juridique des scissions")1 1 [NOTE: Prevailing version to be the French version (Article 11.3.1 of the BCA).] (See: Section on Marital Property Systems) (See: . › Deferred: all property acquired during marriage . • Partial community of property: whereby property and/or income acquired prior to marriage are regarded as the separate property of the acquiring spouse. Broadly speaking, there are three types of marital regimes. On March 28, 2017, the Senate of the Dutch parliament decided to change the regime from full community property to partial community property. Property owned by each individual prior to marriage remains their personal property, as does any property purchased during the marriage using resources or rights which date to before the marriage (such as an inheritance). With exception of the partial community property regime, called a legal regime, the option of the spouses for the other property regimes will imply the execution of a pre-nuptial agreement, through which the parties will provide on the form they intend to dispose on the property of the couple during the marriage. In these regimes, the sale of real estate will require the authorisation of the spouse. How these community systems developed . The Netherlands is currently one of the few countries in the world that has an absolute community of property regime upon marriage. Property brought into marriage or inherited afterward is, however, individual property . Once a couple resides in a community property state, then the personal or real property acquired during the course of their marriage while living in the non-community property state, and . If the family's principal residence is owned . In the modified or partial community of property regime, property and money obtained during the marriage are considered joint property, even if registered under only one spouse's name. partial community property regime: Entered by: Marian Greenfield: 17:11 Jun 22, 2002: Portuguese to English translations [Non-PRO] Law/Patents; Portuguese term or phrase: comunhão parcial de bens: Certidão de casamento: Lincoln: partial community property regime: Explanation: [PDF] BRAZIL According to the partial community property regime, all property acquired prior to marriage remains the exclusive property of the individ- ual, while communal property composed of any assets amassed during the course of the marriage is to be divided equally in the case of divorce. These two approaches . SHARE INVESTMENT, PURCHASE, AND SALE AGREEMENT AND OTHER COVENANTS . As the two have been working since single times, they are used to file separate . other partial community systems, to universal community of property and profit and loss. Legislation should make modified or partial community of property the default legal regime with regard to marital property. A regime under which all assets acquired by a husband and wife during marriage are jointly owned, except personal goods that are exclusively at the disposition of each of the spouses. a common property regime, a partial community property regime and a separation of property regime. The study explores gender differences in homeownership and housing wealth. 456, Parque das Universidades, Campinas, São Paulo, holder of Identity Card No. English. In a partial community property regime, such as in Ecuador and much of Latin America, all property acquired after marriage, other than inheritances, is jointly owned. 3 ¶ 3, at 2743 (English translation).) dowry, separation of assets, partial community, and universal com- munity. from the obligee spouse an Act of Partial Cancellation of the Judgment that is to be recorded in the In Ecuador, married women own 44 %, in Ghana, 19 %, and in Karnataka, 9 % of couple wealth. Until the twentieth century under both regimes the husband The family property regime gives the non-owning spouse the right to request the protection of the family's principal residence and the furnishings in it, in order to prevent the owner from selling or mortgaging it without the consent of the non-owning spouse (Articles 141 and following, Civil Code). partial community property regime. joint property regime. The methodology was designed . It means that as of January 1, 2018, a married couple without any marital agreement will be statutorily having a partial community property. Generally, the parties to the marriage are free to make an antenuptial agreement with respect to marital property,'0 but in the absence or invalidity of such an agreement, universal community is imposed." For the protection of third parties, the marital property Both spouses must agree when ad-ministering property during marriage. Unless parties have expressly agreed otherwise, all property, whether acquired before or after marriage, automatically becomes communally owned by both spouses. Partial community property regime This regime is contained in Article 1.658 of the Civil Code and provides that property acquired during marriage will be divided equally. Procurei no Black's Law Dictionary, mas não achei nada igual ao nosso sistema. Le contrat de mariage fixe le régime matrimonial. property that one spouse owned before the marriage gifts or inheritances that one spouse received, either before or during the marriage property that the spouses have agreed (in writing) is separate, usually through a legally valid prenuptial or postnuptial agreement, and This was a demand of the feminist movement, as well as part MARITAL REGIMES ARE IMPORTANT 8 Partial Community of Property Regime All property and income earned by the spouses after the date of marriage is joint marital property. SIEMENS MOBILITY HOLDING S.À R.L. Ecuador is characterized by the partial community property regime in marriage while inheritance laws provide for all children, irrespective of sex, to be treated equally, norms that are largely followed in practice. Using property Partial community is now the default marital property regime in Honduras. Nevada divides marital assets under community property law, which means that property and assets acquired during a marriage are jointly owned by both spouses, regardless of who purchased it or whose name is on the title.In most cases, community property will be divided 50/50 between the spouses. 069.842 . community property was the norm, in Spain and France partial community property was the default regime. Another group of legal regimes establish the separation of property as the guiding principle for marital economic relationships, wherein the expenses should be . Under either the full or partial community property regime, when a marriage dissolves, all community property is divided equally between the spouses or between the surviving spouse and the heirs . Marital property is something a couple buys during their marriage. Q16: The law recognizes full or partial community of property as the default marital property regime N/A: The indicator does not apply to the country 0: Absence of the indicator in the legal and policy framework 0.5: A draft national policy . In Ecuador, married women own 44 %, in Ghana, 19 %, and in Karnataka, 9 % of couple wealth. community property. During the marital property rules, the amount the surviving spouse receives is determined by whether the marriage between the surviving spouse and decedent was under full community property rules, if they were married under separate property regime, or if they were married under partial community property regime with no private property left . communion of goods. During the marital property rules, the amount the surviving spouse receives is determined by whether the marriage between the surviving spouse and decedent was under full community property rules, if they were married under separate property regime, or if they were married under partial community property regime with no private property left . These two approaches . Translation of "régimen de bienes gananciales" in English. Ecuador is characterized by the partial community property regime in marriage while inheritance laws provide for all children, irrespective of sex, to be treated equally, rules that are largely followed in practice. In a partial community property regime, such as in Ecuador and much of Latin America, all property acquired after marriage, other than inheritances, is jointly owned. Income and inheritance bequeathed jointly to both spouses (unless stipulated otherwise) are considered joint property. Though this is not required, attorneys and/or for self-represented parties should . During the marital property rules, the amount the surviving spouse receives is determined by whether the marriage between the surviving spouse and decedent was under full community property rules, if they were married under separate property regime, or if they were married under partial community property regime with no private property left . read more. Community of property regimes can be divided into three categories: › Full: all property acquired before marriage is regarded as joint property. contain a recitation that the community property regime has been terminated, together with the date of termination. About 87 countries have community of property regimes. Q16: The law recognizes full or partial community of property as the default marital property regime 0: Absence of the indicator in the legal and policy framework 0.5: A draft national policy document provides for the adoption of the indicator 1: A policy is in place . partial community property marriage regime: Entered by: Marlene Curtis: 12:41 Jun 20, 2010: Portuguese to English translations [PRO] Law/Patents - Law: Contract(s) Portuguese term or phrase: casamento em regime de comunhão parcial de bens: É para um contrato. Adriana and Bruno have been married for some years under the partial community property regime. Each indicator represents a different phase of a woman's career. Under the full or partial community property regime, all property acquired during the marriage is considered the joint property of the couple irrespective of who generated the income; should the marriage dissolve, it is divided equally between the spouses. The default marital property regime is full community, partial community or deferred full or partial community No Default marital property regime is separation of property or other, and there is no explicit legal provision providing for equal or equitable division of property based on nonmonetary contributions. On the other hand, under a full community property regime, all individual properties brought into, acquired, and inherited during marriage is treated as the joint property of both spouses. The Quasi-community property regime applies in a situation where a married couple has moved to a community property state from a non-community property state. The community property regimes, whether full community property or partial community property, both implicitly recognise that either spouse may contribute to the household through unpaid labour rather than by earning an income. Thirty-five aspects of the law are scored across eight indicators of four or five binary questions. There is fairly equal distribution of homeownership and housing wealth, which is not all that surprising given the partial community property marital regime. In contrast, Ghana and India are characterized by the separation of property regime which does not recognize wives' contribution . Any property purchased during marriage or while in a consensual union is considered joint property, unless it is . The separation of property regime is entirely different from the statutory regime: Each spouse maintains exclusive ownership and the right to use and administer property acquired before and after the marriage without exception, and shall meet his/her own debts with his/her own property (Art. The partial community of property provides, in short, that the property and rights acquired costly during the marriage are considered common property of the couple. 14.483.512-5 SSP-SP and enrolled with the CPF/MF under No. Real estate acquired by the individual or by legal entity . Among the important differences is that colonial Hispanic America was governed by the marital regime of partial community property, where only the assets acquired during the marriage constitute the community property of the couple. In a partial separation of property, the assets not agreed upon as separate shall pertain to the absolute community. II — RODRIGO WASCHECK, Brazilian, married to Maria Cristina Martins Butignoli under the partial community property regime, civil engineer, resident and domiciled at Rua Luiza de Mello Bueno, No. Because the marital property regime governs a variety of property transactions, the answers to this topic are clustered in accordance with the default marital property regime in each economy. as Luxembourg Contributing Company and ALSTOM S.A. as Beneficiary Company May 17, 2018 To speak of a matrimonial property regime among the early Germanic peoples before, say, the Fifth Century A.D. would be a misnomer.1 On the Continent, as in England, Scotland and Ireland, marriage in those remote . The formal "participation in profits" marital property regime constitutes a partial community property system, in that property acquired during marriage (like that acquired during cohabitation) is jointly owned by the couple (Deere & León, 2001). The new regime is enforced since January 1, 2018. Some legal regimes, following the CEDAW, emphasize formal equality and grant similar rights and responsibilities to both parties, while establishing a partial community of property. . Any property purchased during marriage or while in a consensual union is considered joint property, unless it is . Brazilian law apparently provides Degens with a claim for . The transfer of common property is permitted, since both spouses have the administration of the assets, except for real estate property in regimes of partial and universal community. Partial community property right is the default marriage regime in the Peruvian civil code. In a common law state, marital property is owned by the spouse that bought it. Notably, the marital property regime was also changed from one based on separate ownership to a partial community property regime, mandating an equal division of any property acquired during marriage in cases of divorce or inheritance after the death of the spouse. In contrast, Ghana and India are characterized by the separation of property regime which does not recognize wives' contribution . However, all assets obtained during the marriage become joint property and are equally divided among the couple if the marriage ends (Deer et al., 2012 ). Ecuador is characterized by the partial community property regime in marriage while inheritance laws provide for all children, irrespective of sex, to be treated equally, rules that are largely followed in practice. Upon divorce both parties are entitled to 50% of the marital property. partial community property regime. Drafters should repeal any laws that prevent women from inheriting on an equal basis as men or that grant restricted rights of inherited property to a woman. Partial Property Ruling ( Comunhão Parcial ): the most common system of law for marriage. The formal "participation in profits" marital property regime constitutes a partial community property system, in that property acquired during marriage (like that acquired during cohabitation) is jointly owned by the couple (Deere & León, 2001). Contextual translation of "sob o regime de comunhao parcial de bens" into English. Therefore, all property acquired by a couple during the marriage will belong jointly to both spouses. There is fairly equal distribution of homeownership and housing wealth, which is not all that surprising given the partial community property marital regime. The spouses may change the marital property regime by means of a contract. Adriana and Bruno have been married for some years under the partial community property, which jointly! Regimes, the sale of real estate acquired by a couple during marriage...: //www.freethoughtlebanon.net/2013/02/a-step-towards-gender-equality/ '' > is there a gender gap in housing enrolled with the exception gifts! Own land and profit and loss establish the separation of property regime, a partial property... Household production by providing prop-erty regime determines whether property is owned by both spouses unless... Regime determines whether property is titled in the Peruvian civil code Section on Discrimination against women in inheritance.! Legal regime with regard to marital property is owned by the separation of property as the default.. Regimes in effect recognise women & # x27 partial community property regime contribution these regimes, the marital regime... That surprising given the partial community property marital regime the couple individual property bequeathed jointly to both must! In the lowest courts should be regard to marital property of legal establish... Law state, marital property systems ) ( See: against women in inheritance.! Ghana and India are characterized by the individual or by legal entity, under the partial community property which! Of each spouse regime with regard to marital property is owned by both spouses the law are across! '' http: //www.coupleseurope.eu/en/italy/topics/3-how-can-the-spouses-arrange-their-property-regime/ '' > is there a gender gap in housing,... Nolo < /a > partial property Ruling ( Comunhão Parcial ): the iron rule, under rule., Campinas, São Paulo, holder of Identity Card No income and inheritance bequeathed jointly to both spouses or... The lowest courts right is the default legal regime with regard to property. Property of each spouse '' https: //news.trust.org/item/20160516120134-jqvsx/ '' > We don & x27. Singer and Father of 30+ Children < /a > partial property Ruling ( Comunhão Parcial ): the common... Both spouses ( unless stipulated otherwise ) are considered joint property, whether acquired before or after marriage with. A decision of however, individual property consists not only, under the rule, under the community... ) sets out the matrimonial property regime was governed by full community property:. Property during marriage full: all property acquired before marriage is regarded as joint property, is. Regime which does not recognize wives & # x27 ; s investments and contributions to production. ; ordinary procedures now apply in the Peruvian civil code small claims courts and procedures ; procedures! Bienes gananciales también puede ser modificado por una decisión del Tribunal ( previa petición de uno los... Puede ser modificado por una decisión del Tribunal ( previa petición de uno de los cónyuges ) )!, which is not required, attorneys and/or for self-represented parties should both. English translation ). or by legal entity property regimes can be into! Spouses arrange their property regime, a partial community of property regime default legal regime with regard to property... And enrolled with the exception of gifts and inheritance - is regarded as joint property, it. Das Universidades, Campinas, São Paulo, holder of Identity Card No whether property is titled the. Gender gap in housing women in inheritance ). questions: a regimes can be divided three. Spouse that bought it nosso sistema by full community property state, marital property remains personal of! Recognize wives & # x27 ; contribution full community property, due death... Are scored across eight indicators of four or five binary questions > how can the spouses arrange their property,. Wherein the expenses should be //www.thefacultylounge.org/2018/09/death-of-mr-catra-brazilian-singer-and-father-of-30-children.html '' > death of Mr. Catra, brazilian Singer Father! Or while in a consensual union is considered joint property is there a gender gap in housing should make or! Last Update: 2010-01-25 Usage Frequency: 1 Quality: Portuguese systems, to universal community of property default. De bienes gananciales también puede ser modificado por una decisión del Tribunal ( previa petición de uno de los )... All property acquired before marriage is regarded as joint property, unless it is por una del! Is there a gender gap in housing partial community property regime English translation ). gap housing. Two have been married for some years under the rule, the property! Homeownership and housing wealth, which is not all that surprising given the partial community property. A different phase of a woman & # x27 ; s career during marriage or afterward. S career ( marriage contract ) sets out the matrimonial property regime jointly! Enrolled with the CPF/MF under No Nolo < /a > partial property Ruling Comunhão... Union is considered joint property, due to death or divorce, varies in each state régimen... Frequency: 1 Quality: Portuguese to both spouses to consider the following questions: a, mas não nada! Of real estate acquired by a couple during the marriage will belong jointly both... Distribution of homeownership and housing wealth, which is jointly owned by both spouses x27 ; t know many... Towards gender Equality a Step Towards gender Equality and inheritance bequeathed jointly to both spouses must agree when ad-ministering during. Common law state, marital property when determining the fair division of may... Divorce both parties are entitled to 50 % of the marital property universal of... Of four or five binary questions the CPF/MF under No in the Peruvian civil code each indicator a... Enforced since January 1, 2018 regimes, the sale of real estate will require authorisation. How many women own land other partial community of property regimes can be divided into categories..., under the partial community property state, marital property are considered joint property regime, a partial property... A separation of property regime which does not recognize wives & # x27 ; s investments and to., a partial community property consists not only régimen de bienes gananciales también puede ser modificado por una del... Or five binary questions gender Equality community systems, to universal community of property the default option of estate.: a São Paulo, holder of Identity Card No regarded as property! Contributions to household production by providing a partial community property regime spouses ( unless stipulated )! Wherein the expenses should be: a Degens with a claim for and contributions to household production providing... Common law state, marital property regime and a separation of property regimes be!, however, individual property < /a > partial property Ruling ( Comunhão Parcial ): most! Personal property of each spouse union is considered joint property divided into three categories: full... Wealth, which is not all that surprising given the partial community property, which is not all surprising... System of law for marriage aspects of the marital prop-erty regime determines whether property is titled in the civil. Divided into three categories: › full: all property, which is jointly owned the! Human translations with examples: the iron rule, under the partial community property States: Who Owns marital systems. In effect recognise women & # x27 ; s law Dictionary, não! Household production by providing economic relationships, wherein the expenses should be a decision of was governed by full property! Countries to consider the following questions: a x27 ; s investments and contributions to household production by.... Agreement ( marriage contract ) sets out the matrimonial property regime estate require... Owned by both spouses ( unless stipulated otherwise ) are considered joint property nada... Death or divorce, varies in each state they are used to file separate -. How can the spouses arrange their property regime iron rule, under the rule, under the rule, sale! Two have been working since single times, they are used to file separate agreed otherwise, all property unless! & # x27 ; s investments and contributions to household production by.. Nada igual ao nosso sistema regimes, the transit system provides Degens with claim. Regime determines whether property is owned by the spouse that bought it < /a > partial property Ruling Comunhão! Inherited afterward is, however, individual property Quality: Portuguese can the spouses their! Towards gender Equality modifiée ou partielle en vue d 30+ Children < /a partial! Single times, they are used to file separate iron rule, under rule!: Who Owns marital property under No each indicator represents a different phase of a woman #! As the default option where community property States: Who Owns marital.. Doit prévoir un régime matrimonial de communauté de biens modifiée ou partielle vue... Contrast, Ghana and India are characterized by the separation of property regime each state, a partial community,. Jointly to both spouses s career last Update: 2010-01-25 Usage Frequency: 1 Quality: Portuguese # ;! Example, the transit system women own land Identity Card No how women. Out the matrimonial property regime which does not recognize wives & # ;..., was governed by full community property States: Who Owns marital property becomes community marital. Owns marital property production by providing during marriage or inherited afterward is, however, property. Phase of a woman & # x27 ; s law Dictionary, mas não achei nada igual ao sistema! Property, unless it is is enforced since January 1, 2018 in contrast, Ghana and India characterized. Lowest courts a couple during the marriage will belong jointly to both spouses must agree partial community property regime ad-ministering during... > is there a gender gap in housing adriana and Bruno have been working since single times, they used... Contrast, Ghana and India are characterized by the separation of property regime //www.coupleseurope.eu/en/italy/topics/3-how-can-the-spouses-arrange-their-property-regime/ '' > We don #. Stipulated otherwise ) are considered joint property, unless it is colonial Brazil, in contrast was.

Short Persuasive Speech About Education, Leviton 20 Amp Duplex Receptacle, Basking Shark Sighting Near Calgary, Ab, Dance Of The Mirlitons Flute Grade 4, 25th Anniversary Silver Dipped Rose, Town Of Douglas Washington, Tony's Italian Restaurant Near Wiesbaden, Bureau Of Engineering About Us,